Lack of political will
The elaboration of the Women’s Action Platform in Beijing gathered thousands of women from all over the world, marking a milestone regarding social participation in a United Nations Conference. In Uruguay, as in other countries, this participation has been broadened in these five years to other civil actors. New instruments have been created giving voice to different groups within specific sectors and women’s NGOs. This has generated strategies and initiatives ranging from monitoring fulfilment of agreements to interaction with government bodies and the formulation of proposals. Nonetheless, the government has not complied with commitments made in Beijing.
In Uruguay, women formed the National Commission for Monitoring the Beijing Agreements (NCM) to monitor and report on government initiatives and actions aimed at achieving equality between men and women. Despite the arduous work of the NCM1 and the demands and proposals made by civil society to the state, the overall result of the Action Platform since approval five years ago is discouraging.
Studies by the Commission show that:
> There is no political will to create a state policy to overcome inequality and gender discrimination.
> The few public initiatives designed to guarantee women the full exercise of citizenship lack adequate status, resources and influence at decision-making levels.
These three points reflect more profound obstacles to democracy in Uruguay: 2The incapacity to integrate into representative democracy half the citizens of the country is a clear contradiction of democracy. The presence of women in political decision-making instances should be proportional to their actual weight in the population. The small number of women in representative positions is an indicator of the exclusive nature of the political system, of its "democratic deficit. (Women's Agenda 1999 NCM).
In the November 1999 elections, the percentage of women representatives in parliament increased from 7% to 13%. There are no women in the new presidents ministerial cabinet.
The Womens Action Platform is not central to the governments work. Where action is taken, it is usually linked directly to the presence of women in executive or leading posts. Such actions may therefore be discontinued when those women leave their posts. The existence of programmes and projects in the various government departments, while contributing to highlighting the importance of the issue, does not constitute a state policy, nor is it regulated by a programme for equality.
The state educational system has for several decades achieved extensive coverage and sustained growth in the average level of education of the whole population and of women in particular. The illiteracy rate is 2.6% for women and 3.6% for men. Women have a higher percentage in the secondary and tertiary levels. But higher educational levels do not give women an advantage in the job market and they need more education than men to compete and achieve similar income levels.
The rate of women who were economically active was 37% in 1981 and in 1996, it reached 47% (where it has remained constant until now); but even though this represents a step forward, it must be taken into account that the men's rate has remained unchanged at 73%. Women are more affected than men by under-employment and unemployment and the sum of womens salaries is 30% lower than mens. 17% of remunerated female employment is in the domestic services sector. Despite Beijing, these workers are still not legally covered by the eight hours law.
With their backs to the world2 In several European countries, there is progress regarding the trials of military implicated in crimes against humanity. But in contrast to European trials, and to on-going trials in Argentina and Chile, not a single Uruguayan military has come before a judge or commission of inquiry. No government authority has acknowledged State Terrorism and no step has been taken in 15 years of democracy to truly investigate the whereabouts of persons who went missing after they were arrested by the military. No light has been shed on cases of forced disappearance. The military has not undergone a process of self-criticism, nor has it assumed responsibility for the crimes committed. No foreign country has requested information, interrogation or extradition of any Uruguayan military. |
The proportion of poor and indigent households headed by women is nearly three times higher than the proportion of male headed households. Approximately 30% of children are born into homes where the basic needs are not satisfied. Despite these facts, the government has no policyhas not even issued a declarationacknowledging the countrys feminisation of poverty.
Finally, the government has given little political relevance to the Fourth World Conference on Women or to evaluating fulfilment of the Action Platform (unlike other countries in the region). This is underscored by the fact that womens organisations have relied exclusively on data obtained through their own studies and independent analysis. As this is written, it is still unknown if an official report exists.
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